Viral sequencing analyzes a virus's RNA or DNA to obtain its genetic information, track its mutations, and understand its evolutionary history. Such techniques are necessary for monitoring infectious diseases such as COVID-19, HIV, and influenza since mutations can impact transmission, vaccine effectiveness, and treatment options. Methods include high-throughput analysis with Next-Generation Sequencing, specific mutations through Sanger Sequencing, and identification of viruses in environmental samples through metagenomic sequencing. Viral sequencing aids in tracking viral evolution, designing vaccines, and informing public health responses. The World Vaccines R&D Conference supports advancements in these technologies to improve global health strategies.