The science discipline concerned with developing, producing, and evaluating vaccines for the prevention and treatment of diseases is vaccinology. This discipline unifies immunology, microbiology, and molecular biology in the development of effective vaccines from the traditional forms, such as live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, to the most recent innovations, including mRNA and viral vector platforms. Vaccines are critical in promoting herd immunity, eradicating diseases like smallpox, and tackling global health challenges. However, the problems are still significant: emerging pathogens, vaccine hesitancy, and logistical hurdles such as cold chain requirements. The World Vaccines R&D Conference helps collaborate and innovate to drive advancements in personalized and universal vaccines for future health security.