Vaccine immunology deals with knowing how vaccines initiate an immune response that offers protective immunity against certain diseases. They do this by introducing antigens, such as inactivated viruses, proteins, or even mRNA antibodies, to trigger an immune reaction. It utilizes both innate and adaptive responses. The innate immune system offers the first line of defense. In contrast, the adaptive immune system mounts a more specific and longer-lasting response, which includes the production of antibodies and memory cells. This memory allows for rapid response to subsequent infections with the same pathogen. Vaccine immunology is essential in designing effective vaccines, ensuring long-term immunity, and minimizing adverse effects. The World Vaccines R&D Conference actively supports the study of these developments.