Vaccines have revolutionized the field of disease prevention and treatment landscape. Several novel approaches have been developed for vaccines that have the potential to overcome the challenges in existing technology. The development of Nucleic acid vaccines, vector vaccines, and biomaterial-based vaccines are recent trends in the field of advancement in vaccine development.
Moreover, the utilization of modern biotechnology tools, including genetic engineering, gene-based assay, next-generation sequencing, and nanotechnology, holds significant potential for advancing vaccine development. Other emerging technologies, such as integrating multi-omics datasets, epigenomic profiling of immunity, and single-cell genomics, are expected to enable the precise development of vaccines, transforming our understanding of cellular and molecular responses and enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity.